Category Archives: Lindsey

The Effects of Tourism on a Poison Dart Frog

strawberry poison dart frog
strawberry poison dart frog

For the past 11 weeks we have been participating in a Field Biology Quarter for UCLA. We have planned two projects, travelled to a private section of rainforest in Nicaragua, hiked and collected data daily for three weeks, and came back to UCLA to analyze the data and sum up our projects in two papers. We have learned an immense amount, mostly on how challenging the complete process of carrying out a research study from start to finish can be. We are here now to tell you a little bit about one of our projects, in which we spent hours on end listening for the calls of strawberry poison dart frogs.

Ecotourism is growing in popularity and bringing with it anthropogenic effects to areas previously not exposed to human noises. These noises come from motorboats passing by edges of rainforests, airplanes flying by, and hikers hiking through trails of rainforests. We were interested in studying the species Oophaga pumilio, otherwise known as the strawberry poison dart frog. This frog is very recognizable with its red body and blue legs, while the males also have a very distinguishable call. The males of this species call to advertise their territories and to attract females to mate. We looked into multiple aspects of human interference with the calls in this species.

We conducted two experiments during our time in Nicaragua. In the first, we hypothesized that larger groups of hikers will have more of an effect on the call characteristics of a frog in comparison to small groups. In the second, we hypothesized that frogs residing near to a human settlement will respond differently to hikers passing by than frogs residing farther from human presence.

We found that hiker group size and distance to human settlement did not have a main effect on different aspects of frog calls. This is positive news for the frogs, as the presence of humans walking and talking along trails does not seem to have negative impacts. An aspect that we were not able to study with the calls of the strawberry frogs is the fundamental frequency of call, which has been shown to change in response to urban noise in other species.

Lindsey recording a calling frog
Lindsey recording a calling frog
Jeff listening for frog calls
Jeff listening for frog calls

And So It Ends

lindsey
Lindsey records frog calls

I remember when I first found out that I was going to be trekking through the rainforests of Nicaragua for three weeks, three weeks seemed like such a short period of time. I had wished it could be longer. Sure, three weeks is a fairly short amount of time in the grand scheme of my life, but after having lived those 21 days in the rainforest, on a constant cycle of hiking, eating, planning projects and sleeping, I can tell you with confidence that three weeks is an eternity. I’ve mentioned it before, but it was an interesting thing how quickly everyone settled into his or her routines there. It felt like we had always been there and were just carrying out our daily lives as researchers studying in the rainforest. It was hard to feel connected to my life back in the US, because I was living in an environment that was entirely different. The lack of Internet and cell phone connection, the lack of hot water in our showers, the lack of the simple ability to flush toilet paper down the toilet, even the lack of clean clothes (hand washing clothes is doable, but when one moment it is sunny and the next there is torrential downpour of rain, you never know when they’ll dry), all became the norm.

Before arriving at Refugio Bartola, I didn’t entirely know what to expect. It was more stressful than I had anticipated, I think. Everyone was so motivated to do their best that our days consisted of perpetual thinking about and planning our projects. The never stopping got tiring, but made sense because we were in Nicaragua for a set amount of days and we wanted to make the most of those days. Timing was a tricky thing because it took about a week for my partner and myself to get a firm idea of what we wanted to study and how. The next week consisted of trying different methods and having to problem solve when we faced challenges. We spent two whole days collecting data before being helped by our TA to realize there are better variables we could be collecting data on. So those two days were scrapped from our final data collection. The last week was a push by everyone to run more trials and try to wrap up the projects. Then, the weather was unpredictable. There were a few days towards the end, when everyone was in high data collection mode, where it rained so heavily that some people couldn’t go out and collect their data.

Never in any previous class have I had the chance to appreciate how thorough methods must be laid out for a project to work. Every detail matters and you will without a doubt face challenges every time you step out in the field. I’m excited to now analyze our data and write it up in a scientific paper. To get to experience with the entire process is one of the most valuable things I’ve done in college. It’s not just an assignment done briefly in class, but actual scientific research that we’ve invested time in.

The Orangutans are Coming

Seeing as I’ve spent the past three weeks in a rainforest with three species of primates, none of which are orangutans, my title does not make any sense. But that didn’t occur to me in the middle of the night when I was frantically trying to find my shoes and headlamp to get away from said orangutans. It has happened before where I wake up in the middle of the night disoriented and thinking I’m still in my dream, but to the dismay of my roommates it has happened nearly every night since half way through my trip. I often wake up, confused and terrified, as I fully believe I’m in the rainforest at night either trying to find leaf cutter ants or scared that there are large bugs and spiders surrounding me. When I finally locate my headlamp and turn it on I realize I’m in the safety of my mosquito net in bed. The other night, after three hours of collecting data on leaf cutter ants past sundown, I woke up thinking I was back in the field and my professor walked by screaming “the orangutans are coming we must get out of here quickly” and it was quite frightening. I jumped over a fallen tree and couldn’t find my shoes or headlamp, luckily my friend Emily came up to me and I told her how we must leave soon but I couldn’t find my things, so she helped me by turning on her headlamp. At that moment I realized I was standing on the floor of my room facing Emily lying in her bed and it was a very strange situation I found myself in. I also realized that the tree I had jumped over must have been me jumping out of my bunk bed (I am impressed with my lack of falling off my bed completely). I had woken up my roommates, but the first thing Kaylee said (having just woken up and not sure what was happening) was simply “did you find the cake we left you?” because I had missed the cake they handed out after dinner. It was a comical ending and I went back to bed still slightly weirded out.

It’s funny because during the day I feel perfectly safe wondering the trails of Refugio Bartola, even taking hikes by myself. It is beautiful here, everything is green and constantly full of sounds I haven’t ever heard before. I enjoy the freedom of choosing a trail and hiking wherever you desire for seven hours of the day. All of that, and the food, and the new experiences I happen upon every day, I will miss. But I definitely wont miss the night terrors.

The Other Side of the Paper

I’ve read many scientific papers for class. I’ve searched for them endlessly on Web of Science, a database the UCLA libraries subscribe to. I’ve had to critique them with classmates and discuss how they could be better, how their methods weren’t exactly right, how their sample sizes could be larger or their collected data simply doesn’t answer the question they are asking. But what I’ve never discussed in class, what I had never previously really thought about, was how challenging the entire process of answering a scientific question can be. It is almost surreal being here in Nicaragua and having to come up with a question on my own, creating a set of methods that will answer that question precisely, and carrying out those methods while making sure to collect a large enough set of data. While sitting on the floor of a rainforest moving leaf cutter ants onto a section of trail I’ve cleared of other ants, squished between the fronds of a short palm tree, as it turns dusk and the playful noises of the day begin to sound eerie, I realize how very different an experience it is from reading a paper in the safety of a classroom critiquing what could have been better.

It was definitely difficult coming up with a question I found interesting and then proper methods to follow. There were many observations made, notes taken on random things I saw and where, ideas brought up and decided against. It was exciting then landing on an idea and deciding to stick with it. Although there were then endless obstacles while conducting pilot trials of issues I didn’t previously think about (like the difficulty of picking ants off the trail when most of them are 2 mm long). For my project that is not on leaf cutter ants, I’m studying the effects of hiker group size on strawberry poison dart frog calls. It is a simple concept, recording calls for two and a half minutes, having a group of hikers walk by while talking, and then recording the calls for another two and a half minutes after. What will not be included in the final paper though, is how difficult collecting that data can be. Although I know the frogs do not truly know that we are trying to find and study them, I am convinced they have some ulterior plan and choose to avoid us at all costs. We have wandered the rainforest for hours only to find two strawberry frogs in the midst of calling. We have set up our experimental stage (a 15m pink string laid out on the trail in front of the calling frog) only to wait for an indefinite amount of time before deciding the frog isn’t going to start calling again. And doing all of this while dragging around our very kind classmates that are helping us by being additional hikers for the experimental trials. I’m aware now of how much thought and effort goes into these projects, which I will forever think about while reading the endeavors of others in their published scientific papers.

Refugio Bartola: We Have Finally Arrived

Being at the field station the past four days has been unlike anything I have ever experienced. The rainforest is massive, endlessly full of noises that I’ve never heard before and animals that I have most definitely never encountered before. We have been here four full days, but it feels like I have been here for weeks. For one, I have already become accustomed to feeling dirty at all times, but it has become the norm and doesn’t bother me. I’m covered in a layer of bug spray, dirt, sweat and dampness from the humidity, but it’s actually quite fun, I just focus on trekking through the rainforest day in and day out. It’s interesting because I already feel settled. We have all found somewhat of a daily routine here, which is nice. I break my days up into before breakfast, between breakfast and lunch, between lunch and dinner, and after dinner. I go on at least two hikes a day, most often after breakfast and after lunch, with the occasional morning or night hike or canoe ride. It is mildly exhausting going on so many hikes throughout the day (a majority of the hours of my day are spent wondering the trails here, which is awesome) but you get used to it after a while and I feel like I am getting in superb shape. Plus, one of the research studies my partner, Jeff, and I are planning involves locating strawberry poison dart frogs by their calls (we are getting quite good at it), which requires stopping along the trail and listening for multiple minutes, which is very peaceful.

And as for the research, the main reason we are all here, it is amazing to see the range of different questions people are choosing on focusing on. I am currently typing while sitting in the common area of the field station, an open dining area with hammocks looking out at the Rio San Juan, while some of my peers are shining a UV light on a spider they caught that fluoresces. Another group has an arena made in a Tupperware with a spider and ant enclosed, seeing if the spider will eat the ant (the last time I went over to check, the spider seemed afraid of the ant). Other groups are looking at things from the contents of the water in bromeliads to trying to catch agoutis. There are just so many variables, controls, and possible directions when thinking of questions for something you want to research, it is overwhelming at times but exciting.

I have loved so many things being here, one of which being the food, more will have to come on that later, but my favorite part so far has to be standing in the rainforest when the wind passes by. The rush of wind builds up and sounds like an ocean wave passing over you. The entire forest moves, the trees and the leaves, and it feels like you move with it and you simply can’t help but smile. It will be a long three weeks, but it is off to a good start.

And So It Begins

First of all, hello! Welcome. Thank you for spending the time to read about this brief but exhilarating adventure I am about to embark on. My name is Lindsey and I’m a third year studying Ecology, Behavior and Evolution at UCLA. What do I want to do with that may you ask? I’m not entirely sure, but more on that later. This quarter I am partaking in a course in which students plan and carry out research on a subject of their choice in a tropical rainforest in southeastern Nicaragua.

Since I have known that I would be participating in this program I’ve been showered with questions from friends and family. Where exactly will you be? What are you going to be researching? Is this something you want to pursue after college? The intimidating reality that came about was that my answer to most questions was “I have no idea.” I knew the general area we would be traveling to, Refugio Bartola in Nicaragua, but what exactly that area consists of I was unsure. As for the research, our course is set up where we pick, as individuals or groups, a study topic or organism that we then get to collect data on in the field for three weeks. This can be exhilarating but overwhelming to think about. Tropical rainforests are the most biodiverse environments on earth; how am I to choose just one organism to study? And as for the question that I have been asked infinitely since I was a kid, “What do you want to do when you grow up?” or as I see it “What in the world do you want to do with your life when you graduate college?” It is a daunting thought. I currently think I want to go into environmental management, but this trip will hopefully give me some much welcomed insight into what field research is like and if this could be something I could spend my life being passionate about.

After months of being filled with the questions of others and my own, here we are at the present day and a majority of those questions have, to which I am very thankful, been answered. I will be staying close to the border of Costa Rica along the Rio San Juan. What I am going to study has yet to be decided, but I will be creating two separate research projects of which I will plan throughout the next few weeks, possibly even while at the site. There is so much that I am looking forward to in the coming months. I don’t often think much about my surroundings, I’ve lived in California my entire life, but there are so many other environments out there that I cannot even begin to imagine. I am going to travel to a place 100% different than Los Angeles, full of different species that are utterly new to me, and that excites me.