Category Archives: Brigit

The Impervious Ant

The Neotropics are at the forefront of all future extinctions. As an alternative to clear-cut logging, which has destroyed approximately 40 million hectares over the past 10 years, selective logging aims to improve how we remove natural resources without severely damaging the environment. Some species thrive in selectively logged areas, while other severely decline in abundance. Therefore, we must look to indicator species, like ants, to best understand the impact we impose on the environment.

An ant carries a cut leaf back to the burrow to add to the fungal garden
An ant carries a cut leaf back to the burrow to add to the fungal garden

The focal species for our study, the leaf-cutter ant (Atta cephalotes), use their mandibles to cut off small pieces of leaf that they use to create fungus gardens underground that they consume. Leaf-cutter ants are the best indicator species because they are the primary herbivores in the forest, as they respond quickly to environmental changes and can indicate the welfare of other species because of their pivotal role in the forest ecosystem. Studies of leaf-cutter ants in secondary forests surprisingly suggest that they do 30 times better in selectively logged tracts of forest despite the increased fluctuations of temperature, humidity, and direct sunlight on the soil. Therefore, we wanted to see if the expected habitat preferences of leaf-cutter ants differ between primary (undisturbed) and secondary forest sites in a Nicaraguan rainforest. We hypothesized that those habitat characteristics that are essential to the survival of the leaf-cutter ant colony, like stable air temperatures, would differ between primary and secondary forests. We predicted that, in secondary forests, there would be greater fluctuations in air temperature, humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture.

Ultimately, we found that although secondary forest sites had a greater percent of open canopy above the colonies, the ambient air temperature and humidity did not differ between sites. We think this might be because leaf-cutter ants can alter their surroundings by churning up the soil when digging new tunnels and cutting down the leaves of only specific plant species. We also found that the primary forests had higher levels of activity than that of the colonies in secondary forest. A possible explanation for this might be because plants in primary forests have more chemical defenses than plants found in secondary forests; therefore, ants need to travel further in primary forests to find edible plants. Finally, we observed a behavior in which workers place cut leaves around the perimeter of mounds within the colony and we found that this behavior happens more frequently in secondary forest sites. Since secondary forest sites had higher soil temperatures, but soil moisture did not differ between sites, we think that the placement of these cut leaves acts as a thermal blanket. The leaves might keep the chambers underground humid so that fungal gardens are able to grow despite being in a secondary forest.

In light of conservation, studying how an indicator species that thrives in a damaged forest can give us better insight into how we are impacting the ecosystem as a whole.

There and Back Again

Brigit in the Rio Gaytan
Brigit in the Rio Gaytan

It has been a week now that I have been back in my safe and cozy Hobbit hole and I find that I have this overwhelming conflicting sensation of elation and emptiness; elation because of the energy that surged through my body while I was in the forest and emptiness because of how much I miss it. Walking around the city, around campus, I feel like it’s a barren wasteland that’s virtually silent. Maybe there is a bird chirping to my left, or the siren of a fire truck coming up from behind me, or, maybe, the occasional cricket scuttling past my feet. There are no spider webs to peel off of my face, no spiders to make me curse with fright (I mean the ones here are quite puny after all), no colorful butterflies to dart before my eyes, no chorus of high pitched cicadas or chirping poison dart frogs, no mud to get my shoe stuck in and need to pull out with both hands.

Looking back at my first entry, it is obvious to me that I knew what would happen- I knew I was going to fall in love with the forest but I did not expect how deeply this love would become. This adventure has been perhaps the most insightful of my life. I feel like I found out a bit more about who I am- who Brigit is. The trees taught me to always take a moment to look up and not be fixated on the mud caked at my feet, the manic bobbing of the harvestmen spiders taught me to never be afraid to pursue the next question or the next step because it isn’t known which will be the last, the immortal leaf cutter ants taught me to always keep pushing forward because my work in life will be directed towards the benefit of the colony- of the world, my partner’s effervescent and vibrant laughter taught me to always spend a moment laughing about the beautiful ironies of life, and the gentle moments of silence from my peers and instructors reminded me to always have faith in myself and in my ambitions.

I feel the thirst boiling within my bones to figure out how to get myself back out there again- I know deep within my body that I want to dedicate my life to researching life and all of its beautiful small details that are crucial to the maintenance and improvement of the planet and all of those who reside in it. Maybe I am not Frodo, maybe I am not the chosen savior, but I will do everything in my power that I can do to work towards protecting the essence of all that is life so that others can have their own experience of finding themselves in the solace of nature like I have.

At the Breaking Point

21 days here. To my memory it doesn’t seem so but, to my body, it does. I have had quite the journey. Many nights I have gone to bed either frustrated or…elated. I feel as though I have hit the breaking point.

If I have to experience just one more mosquito in my rice, one more pair of 3-day wet pants, one more spider web to the face, one more spiny palm spine in my hand, one more bug bite on the arch of my foot, one more inconvenient rainy day that makes it impossible to go out and collect data just four days before we have to leave, one more time the suctioning of the shin-deep mud removes the boot from my foot causing me to fall over, one more cut from a terrestrial bromeliad, one more venomous snake to nearly step on, one more cluster of harvestmen spiders to fall in my hair, one more fish-hook vine that snags my hair and prevents me from getting home on time for dinner, one more butt-slide down a muddy hill caking my pants and backpack with mud…

Just one more breathtaking vibrant streak of color from the fluttering wings of a morpho butterfly, one staring contest between me and a caiman floating below the surface of the water, one more canoe trip with a river otter, one more game of hide and seek with a troop of capuchins, one more game of tag with a very aggravated male howler monkey, one more rainy morning sitting under a tarp with my partner marking over 200 spiders with paint, one more chorus of the Montezuma’s Oropendola up in the canopy that makes me feel like I am in an underwater casino, one more army ant swarm to burst from the forest beside me that is accompanied by the blue-faced ant birds waiting to catch a meal from the small insects fleeing the ants, one more moment of hysterical laughter in the middle of the forest with my partner, one more blood-chilling moment, bent over, removing soil from a leaf cutter ant nest, only to hear a low growl and turning around to see the bold looming presence of a jet-black jaguarundi watching over me, one more endless moment of eye contact with that predator, one more quiet moment beneath all of the diverse leaves of the canopy, just one more pink sunset on the river…

I am at the breaking point between insanity and discovery. Being here has made me realize that I love every moment that I have out in the forest, even the ones involving mud. However, I have also realized that science is very much like art, fantastic and wonderful to create, but as a profession, the need of money causes the passion for the work to diminish. I still find that I have much to learn before a decision is made, and I am looking forward to what my decision is.

In the Middle of the Middle of Nowhere

This morning I woke up at the crack of dawn, put on my muddy boots, and slopped down a muddy and miserable trail in search of spiders. Not only did I find these spiders (clustered in a tree of over 200), I poked a stick at them to chase them down a tree (that is covered in spines both on the bark and on the leaves) towards a mesh cube to later determine their sex and transport them to another spiny palm site on the other side of the reserve. I then spent the afternoon poking around in leaf-cutter ant holes.

I never imagined that I would love field-work this much. Yeah, it is exhausting and frustrating (so many hills and so many insect bites), and sometimes I have no idea if the data my partner and I are collecting is making any sense, but I truly enjoy every moment of it. Each venture out there has a purpose and we are finally starting to see some interesting results. The procedure of coming out here to the wilderness, running around and observing behaviors, and developing a testable question and predictions about a system has been more stressful (and more fun) than I ever imagined it could be. However, I am still not a fan of reaching my bare hand into a fabric cube of spiders and watch them bite my hand- nor do I like poking sticks at them in a tree and having them fall in my hair.

We have almost completed our harvestmen (spider) project. Our question focuses on whether or not these spiders that live in spiny palms in clustered groups of up to 300 individuals have sex specific chemical cues since it has been established that they are sexually dimorphic and rely on chemical cues left by other individuals when finding a roosting site. We have translocated 510 individuals into 17 trees and thus far it seems that females attract both males and females whereas males only seem to attract more males. But we still need to do the stats. Just three more translocations are needed and then we will collect the last of the data involving the habitat characteristics of each translocation site

With regards to our other project looking at the potential difference in leaf cutter ant colony quality and behavior when living in un-logged or selectively logged areas, we still have a lot of data to collect. We tried doing our data collection at night but…there was a large animal in the canopy above us, a wasp that stung my partner and professor, and a giant tarantula. So we have to collect our data during the late afternoon. But I am sure we can complete everything over the next seven days.

I look forward to finishing up early and having some time to eat lunch on the river. I also look forward to one last easy hike through the jungle before going home.

Spiders and Monkeys

I hear the sloshing of my boots being suctioned by deep watery mud in my sleep.  Then I see, amidst total darkness, endless sparking green and blue eye shines of the hundreds of spiders perched on leaves, branches, and roaming in the leaf litter glistening and sparkling like stars in the night sky.  I am then shaken awake by the deep rolling moan of the howler monkeys echoing through the canopy. A chorus of birds of striking colors of red and yellow call from the field and I find that I am overwhelmed with gratitude and passion.  This is what I am meant to do.

Four days have now come and gone at Refugio Bartola.  Many of us are still stressed about our project ideas and designs, but we all are working well with our respective partners and with each other.  I like to say that we are all lost in the right direction.  I remember being very anxious the first day while walking through the trails, thinking, “How in the world am I going to find something to study- wait, what in the world was that?!”  However, my partner and I work very well together and we have come to a decision about both of our project ideas: our behavioral project will focus on potential sex differences in the foraging and roosting behavior of harvestmen, a type of arachnid that looks too much like a spider and our conservation project will focus on looking at the differences in the soil and activity in leaf cutter ant colonies to see if there is a difference between colonies that live in logged areas and un-logged areas of the forest.

Perhaps what I have come to learn about this trip is that we are doing more than just vacationing.  What I have seen on every trip out into the rainforest is something many people can see.  I can talk about how I saw a river otter on my first canoeing trip up the Bartola river, or the myriads of poison dart frogs I see about my feet, or the strangely shaped and brilliantly colored insects I see landing on my clothes, or nearly stepping on a turtle in a mud puddle left by a boot because I thought it was a fruit, or having a spider monkey throw a fruit at my head and hit me, or seeing a fer de lance and a coral snake in the same day, or having to pluck harvestmen with my bare hands from a spiny palm, or having a bullet ant land on my neck.  What is different about this forest for me is that I am not just observing, I am interacting.  Placing my data collection equipment around ant mounds, marking harvestmen with paint pens, actually performing research, has made me a part of this forest.  Every venture has purpose, every venture has meaning and I cannot wait to see what lies beneath the next leaf.

Curiosity. Adventure. Bot Fly.

As a senior at UCLA, my time here is coming to an end. I have learned a lot here. How challenging it can be to keep your spirits up. How many things I can be passionate about. How little I know about the world around me. I came to this school bright-eyed and bushy-tailed ready to be an artist…then I had a detour in both the history and astrophysics departments, trying to find that thing. That thing that I can do that I will be proud to wake up at 4 a.m. for. That thing that my grandchildren will want me to tell them about every Christmas. It’s hard to find someone to confide in about what that thing is someone wants…because all humans are looking for it. So, I talked to a squirrel about this. Pretty insightful conversation actually…I realized that I was confiding in a squirrel. I figured that biology is my thing.

I have accumulated many experiences since I developed my understanding and deep passion for biology and life in general, or biophilia as E.O. Wilson would say. Now, I have the rare opportunity to get out of this monotonous text book and powerpoint slide world and enter the real world…the wild world. To finally put all of this information swarming around in my head to use. To enter the deep rainforest at Refugio Bartola in Nicaragua with thirteen other intelligent and charismatic classmates and four very inspiring instructors.

An adventure has come into my hands in which not only do I get to explore a rarely seen and incredibly exuberant and diverse world, I get to learn about it. I get to ask the questions. Curiosity. I get to stand in the middle of rainforest, between giant buttress trees, towering over me as if I were a mere spec in the vast chasm of filtering light and lush plants crawling with insects and hiding predatory eyes with a recorder and notebook in hand. Stillness. I get to poke my fingers into holes and get a nasty bite from a bullet ant. Patience. I get to rush out at 4 a.m., forget to put on repellent, and come back with my first bot fly. Determination. I get to finally participate and add to the wealth of knowledge of these richly diverse organisms.

My goals to become a researcher of all things living and breathing on this earth is finally about to begin. With this trip, I intend to write my first publishable paper on a system or organism that has relevance to improving how we humans inhabit and treat this world. I hope to continue to learn how to become a better scientist while experiencing it with my bare mud-covered hands. I hope to participate in the betterment of this world and help improve the issue of the global warming of hearts.